Land Economics Malaysian Market

Question: Talk about aboout the Land Economics Malaysian Market . Answer: The Malaysian government utilizes and utilizes a framework that utilizes Mixed Economic structure that is the place the Economic framework works the powers of interest and gracefully guaranteeing soundness of the economy.The components of the market direct the costs to be charged for the lodging market simply like some other great and administration needs to rely upon the powers of interest and flexibly to set the cost. Government strategy intercession is fundamentally of four primary components which are guideline of the market, limit building, forming and structuring the market and finally advertise incitement and every one of these reactions fill their need unmistakably from each other[1]. The lodging strategy in Malaysia is set to give and gracefully lodging all the more so for the low-pay gatherings. As such it guarantees that even the lower earnings people approach an OK and satisfactory lodging. Such a strategy gives, that an enormous number of the Malaysians have legitimate a nd proper lodging. The framework guarantees that the flexibly of houses is consistent and steady to the poor family unit who keep being joined in the lodging plan. It is a framework that came into power to guarantee that there was lodging for all[2]. Reasonableness in the Malaysian setting applies as in the houses are moderate inside the range that populace can rapidly tie down wellsprings of accounts to buy such homes and have them as proprietors. The legislature of Malaysia saw the need of a program for lodging that should have been formalized in order to guarantee that the national target of guaranteeing that there was satisfactory lodging that was reasonable was met[3]. The lodging program gives a blueprint of the gracefully of houses characterized by the lodging type with respect to the minimal effort, medium expense and significant expense homes that are to be created by the private and the general population in a range of five years as directed by the advancement plan. Moderate lodging and lodging reasonableness that is regularly traded in Malaysia however each speaks to two classifications of issues. In one manner, moderate lodging caters for the gracefully of homes about the middle pay of the family. Despite what might b e expected, lodging moderateness is the technique utilized commotion qualifying people capacity in regarding a home loan. Reasonable lodging speaks to the gracefully side though the last is request situated. In one manner government mediation on occasion costs a ton of money[4]. The contention behind such a suggestion is the reality the mediation in the lodging market must be accurate, where the arrangement of homes by the legislature must be in accordance with the middle salary of the family unit that isn't past the limit of RM 165, 000.However, the cost ought to be running RM 185000 for each unit in the urban regions. One of the Housing Program in Malaysia by the name 1Malaysia is contending energetically to guarantee that there is a section of a reasonable market. Shockingly, all the ventures embraced inside the Klang Valley are above RM200000.1Malaysia is, thusly, giving rivalry to the private designers in the Malaysian market. Since the administration has no command to attempt development extends, the private designers have an undertaking of building homes that are reasonable inside the set edges. Except if the administration offers sponsorships that can stifle costs engaged with land, private engineers neglect to respect extends that limit their ability to acquire. Accordingly, the main route for such engineers is to give homes that far over the middle pay. Government mediation started in 1952 during the provincial time frame by the British and it was the Housing Trust that was ordered to complete lodging development work requiring little to no effort. Since autonomy, the administration of Malaysia accepted the job through guaranteeing that there were little costs engaged with development for general society. The private engineers as a rule engage in providing high and medium cost lodging. Be that as it may, in the late 1980s, the administration presently completely incorporated the private designers to give lodging requiring little to no effort. The pri vate engineers assumed a main job in the Fourth Malaysian Plan when they arrived at the absolute focused on units that were required. It is from that point forward that the private segment represents over 65% of the ease lodging in Malaysia[5].Government intercession expect seven structures in the economy, utilization of shares, most extreme and least value arrangements, giving endowments, guideline and enactment and government proprietorship. Nonetheless, there are different points of view that legislature utilizes as intercession designs all the more so in the land advertise where the administration has authority over the advancement of land. The mediation of the legislature in the lodging through sponsorships is important for certain ways. One is that there is the arrangement of improved wellbeing offices with respect to clean water supply[6]. It is the obligation of the administration to guarantee that water is made accessible in places where there is a settlement. Waste is like wise pivotal to guarantee that sullied water and sewerage have a channel of being discarded as they may bring water-borne ailments, for example, cholera which is calamitous. Appropriations additionally have the impact of guaranteeing that there is decency and keep up social harmony. A genuine model is a program that gives lodging in the ghetto where there are people delegated low-salary workers. In such a program, that guarantees that there is sufficient lodging in the ghetto, it guarantees that the hole between the rich and the poor is limited as there is access to the fundamental need and that is lodging. Dies down lessen wasteful aspects related with the land advertise. There are no restraining infrastructure benefits for the private designers just like the situation where there is no administration mediation. All things considered, there is harmony in the land advertise, and the general population isn't misused with significant expenses similar to the case with most restraining infrastructures. Quality is likewise not bargained as the administration is enthusiastic about guaranteeing that all the classes get the best[7].Economic development gets invi gorated through the lodging program. As noted, lodging doesn't just make business yet in addition helps in creating different enterprises identified with lodging. Ventures that production and produce development materials utilized in lodging profit by the lodging program through making more employments and furthermore have a wellspring of income. Lodging appropriations by and large invigorate the economy when contrasted with different kinds of government mediation. As depicted in the United States, a large portion of the establishments that were private in nature were set up by the legislature during the downturn and were proposed to support financial development. One of the destinations of the administration is to guarantee that there is the sufficient lodging of high caliber for all individuals independent of the social definition. The administration has a main job in guaranteeing that there are projects to accomplish the fundamental lodging program. The administration has sin place a few motivating forces and projects that give home proprietorship and furthermore target guaranteeing that there is development in the economy. The intercession of the administration in the land business is critical as it controls the issue related with theory. Where there is hypothesis, there is likewise the issue of having raised costs for the land later on in order to guarantee that quality stays steady. In such a case, purchasers who buy homes and financial specialists who purchase to lease will be satisfied by speculators who work on present moment. Government intercession goes about as the control for the engineers. As per the spending plan in 2014, the Ma laysian government restricted private designers from executing ventures that were partnered to DIBS. Such a move guaranteed, that engineers were not fusing the pace of enthusiasm on advances to purchasers while building the house in the cost of the house. The administration has likewise actualized some property securing rules that are planned for controlling responsibility for domains by outsiders in Malaysia. Adjustment of costs in land is basic to forestall theory surpassing past specific levels and furthermore give numerous chances to local people to approach properties that are of great being under RM1 million all the more so for the private units. Government intercession in land assumes a urgent job in affecting the spending plan on the property on either a long haul or present moment duration[8]. The arranging financial and social and political structures rely upon government mediation. The administration has the ability to control the powers of flexibly and request that decid e the cost to be charged and as such encourages goals for financial issues related to the private part. As per research that was directed, it demonstrated that the ostensible costs of houses had expanded definitely since the 1990s.In a few nations, for example, Spain and Britain, there has been 100% augmentation in the costs something worth stressing. The level of increment in costs of the houses caused financial specialists to have something to investigate on in order to give the answer for the issue of expanded costs. Subsequently, numerous analysts reached a resolution that the expanded expenses were because of house value rises in such countries[9]. Be that as it may, as of late the lodging costs appear to be dropping and as such the current moderate market in the lodging part is a decent marker for the drawn out development. It is anticipated that land showcase is to stay consistent in this year in the midst of the numerous challenges[10].The number of unsold units keeps on rising and as of now, remains at 16% which is a stoppage in the land market[11].The rigid necessities while making sure about an advance and the vulnerability in professional stability are a portion of the elements making shopper consumption on lodging drop fundamentally. Land showcase is relied upon to back off in 2017 because of the economy easing back down and as such the costs of th

How expectancy theory and equity theory might be used to motivate graduate trainees working in a large organisation Essay Example

How anticipation hypothesis and value hypothesis may be utilized to spur graduate students working in a huge association Paper There are two fundamental hypotheses behind inspiration; Expectancy hypothesis and Equity hypothesis. Anticipation hypothesis, created by Edward Tolman, is known as a subjective hypothesis and was achieved to contest past behaviorist speculations. Value hypothesis took a gander at by J. Stacy Adams, is a procedure hypothesis which is really founded on the possibility of imbalance. Inspiration among graduate students can differ contingent upon the conditions encompassing a people business. In the event that they are in a profession that they are incredibly energetic about, they will probably invest more exertion than somebody who has no genuine assurance. Graduates are probably going to be in a vocation for one of two reasons. They will either be there to get an a dependable balance in the calling that they need to at last work in, or to rake in some serious cash to take care of their understudy obligations. Anyway in the two cases, an individual will need to feel compensated and that they are being dealt with reasonably and in an impartial way to their friends. We will compose a custom paper test on How anticipation hypothesis and value hypothesis may be utilized to propel graduate learners working in an enormous association explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on How hope hypothesis and value hypothesis may be utilized to propel graduate learners working in an enormous association explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on How hope hypothesis and value hypothesis may be utilized to propel graduate learners working in an enormous association explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In spite of the fact that Edward Tolman and Kurt Lewin were the main individuals to pioneer Expectancy hypothesis, it was Victor Vrooms (1964) examines that applied the model to working environment inspiration. The hypothesis takes a gander at people groups decision in choices left open to them and recommends that a people inspiration is reliant on the amount they need something and their probability of accomplishing it. To guarantee that graduates in an association are spurred, the organization should initially perceive the parts that make up inspiration. These are exertion, heading and industriousness. Exertion sees what really propels an individual while heading figures out what practices an individual picks. Ingenuity looks at the job in which supporting or ending a specific conduct is significant. When an organization comprehends that its alumni are probably going to be inspired if every one of these standards are certain, they can start to define plans for guaranteeing that their representatives are upbeat and directing a fruitful activity. The hope hypothesis proposes that there are three key regions that an individual must need to prevail in. These are hope, instrumentality and valence. Vroom proposed an equation and it suggested that if an individual put no an incentive on any of the regions they would not be spurred. It is accordingly significant for an organization to guarantee that their alumni place an incentive on every one of the three regions, as appeared in the chart underneath. 1.1 The parts of Expectancy Theory While a few people accept that every one of the parts are particular, it has been demonstrated that there is a connection among them and that one prompts another. As the most current representatives of an organization, graduates will be required to show inspiration and a craving to prevail in the organization. Nonetheless if the organization gives no set targets or alternatives for them to satisfy the above key regions, there is a probability that the inspiration would not be appeared. Along these lines, all together for the organization to persuade graduates as per hope hypothesis, they should guarantee that the more work an individual places in, it will be unmistakable as far as yield. For instrumentality, they ought to likewise clarify that the more work an individual accomplishes for an organization, the speedier they are probably going to accomplish an advancement or a pay increment. As an alumni, all things considered, an individual will need this advancement yet for a situation where it probably won't make any difference and to guarantee that valence is available, it would be significant for the organization to guarantee that the advantages of the advancement exceed the expenses to the person. In an enormous association all things considered, there will be numerous alumni however rivalry to get a spot at first might be wild. It is significant for the organization to authorize the way that while the individual was fortunate to get a spot, they particularly merited it and that the organization esteems them as an individual and for their abilities. This in itself will build inspiration. In any case, as there will be numerous others in similar shoes it is significant for an organization to recognize every person to guarantee that their work doesnt go unnoticed. With such huge numbers of graduates, it is significant that while recognizing every one of them, that none are neglected and all vibe equivalent to each other. J. Stacy Adams (1963, 1965) articulation on value hypothesis was maybe the most compelling of now is the ideal time. He contended that we are roused to act in circumstances which we see to be unjust or uncalled for (Buchanan Huczynski, 2004). As an alumni, imbalance is probably going to happen when an individual accepts they are getting pretty much than they might suspect they merit. In an example where they might be by and large preferable remunerated over their partners it may not be of worry to them, yet when their partners are accepting higher advantages than the person there will be an extraordinary inclination of disparity and possibly deficiency. Adams model depends on information sources and yields and they should be adjusted and aligned against others in the working environment so as to guarantee value as the beneath outline appears. 1.2 The segments of J. Stacey Adams Equity Theory Graduates are probably going to not have any past understanding of being in a work environment and in this manner will likely make much a larger number of examinations than those higher up the company pecking order. As observed from the above chart, the alumni impression of remunerations and yields incorporates cash, acknowledgment, obligation, applause and happiness. On the off chance that the alumni feels that their companions are getting a higher token in any of these yield territories, they are probably going to encounter imbalance. Their information sources will be things, for example, exertion, responsibility, time, unwavering quality and unwaveringness. As a people yields lessen and an imbalance shows, the individual will feel constrained to follow up on this decrease. They will attempt to address the imbalance as fast as could reasonably be expected and this may include bringing down profitability, expanded non-appearance or a diminished nature of the work delivered. In any case, the confinement with this model is that it leaves information sources and yields not entirely clear as indicated by singular contrasts. For instance, while one alumni may put huge incentive on pay rises, another may imagine that these are insignificant and that advancement and ascending the professional bureaucracy is progressively significant. Adams accepts that there are techniques for diminishing disparity however and on account of an alumni where one was being paid more than another for doing comparable occupations, at that point the accompanying advances that an individual would take: 1) Change their yields (for example request a compensation rise) 2) Change their sources of info (for example not put in as much exertion) 3) Change the different partys yields (for example convince bosses to cut others pay) 4) Change the different partys inputs (for example leave the difficult work to other people) 5) Change the practically identical gathering (for example contrast and an alternate person) 6) Change disposition to imbalance (for example reason with respect to why the other is accepting more yields) 7) Leave the activity In this manner, for an association to utilize value hypothesis furthering its potential benefit and to guarantee its alumni keep on being roused after the initial not many weeks at the organization, guarantee that they feel that their data sources are remunerated by yields and that their companions are not accepting a greater number of yields than them. Clearly, there will be sure people who perform better than others and will merit higher yields. At the point when this is the situation, the organization must guarantee that the people work is unquestionably over the standard of their partners and that it is clarified to others in the association why the said individual got the prize. This will really positively affect the organization in that different alumni in the organization will need to accomplish a comparative yield profit and hence be roused to work more diligently and thusly their data sources will increment. This will have a spiraling impact which will build profitability and accordingly thusly positively affect the organization. The two hypotheses can be utilized to guarantee that the alumni are cheerful and feel relevantly remunerated in their occupations. Anticipation Theory and Equity Theory both consider the expenses to the individual and the prizes that are at last anticipated. It is significant for an association not to pass these speculations by in light of the fact that it might at last have an adverse impact to the notoriety of the organization. By guaranteeing that those at the base of the firm are making the most of their work and feel appropriately remunerated, it will make a positive environment that will guarantee that the alumni stay faithful to the association and are bound to remain with them as opposed to abscond to an adversary firm.

Blog Archive B-School Insider Interview Alice Francis, MIT Sloan, Class of 2013

Blog Archive B-School Insider Interview Alice Francis, MIT Sloan, Class of 2013 Originally from Morristown, New Jersey, MIT Sloan second year Alice Francis attended Hamilton College in upstate New York, where she majored in physics and classical studies. After briefly considering a physics PhD, she decided to pursue a different career path instead and entered the consulting world with Deloitte in the firm’s New York office. Helping a friend with a start-up opened her eyes to entrepreneurship, igniting an interest in small ventures that eventually lead her to pursue an MBA at Sloan. mbaMission:  Hi, Alice. Thank you for taking the time to talk with us today about the MBA program at Sloan. Alice Francis: No problem! mbaMission: So you are a career changer, shifting from consulting to entrepreneurship via your Sloan MBA. How did that come about? AF: I worked with a friend on her start-up and kind of decided that that was a better fit for meâ€"working in a small, small company. So yeah, it is a huge career change, going from a 300,000 person company to a five-person company. mbaMission: So did you target Sloan specifically for entrepreneurship? AF: I did. I targeted Sloan for a couple of reasons. One of them was that there’s a huge entrepreneurship community and culture at Sloan and at MIT in general, so that was a big factor. Another big factor was because I really did love my education in physics, I wanted to be at a schoolâ€"not just the business school, but a university in generalâ€"that had a lot of amazing science going on. So being on MIT’s campus, where people are working on the most challenging problems in the world, is really inspiring. And culture was a big piece for me. When I was doing my research during the application process, I contacted a number of Sloan alumni and really felt that those people were warmer, more welcoming, more supportive than people that I had talked to at other schools, and they also emphasized the culture at Sloan as being really wonderful and having that same support system in place. It’s not a very competitive environment. It’s more supportive than it is competitive. And it’s full of very intelligent people that are also humble. mbaMission: Yes, humble. We hear that word all the time in relation to Sloan. So the alumni were pretty responsive when you reached out to them? AF: Yes. There wasn’t a single Sloan person that didn’t follow up with me or pick up the phone to chat with me. I had one person that was willing to talk to me multiple times, and he even called me the day before my interview. He knew that I was a little nervous and was just like, “You’ve got this,” you know, “It’s fine.” It was really supportive, and I mean, honestly, I probably talked to more Sloan people than I did for many other schools, and that’s because the response rate was 100%. My impression was that they want to take care of people that are interested in the school. I was really attracted to that, and I don’t think I knew that MIT had a business school before I started looking at the rankings in U.S. News [ World Report], and I was like, “Oh, cool, MIT has a business school. That’s really awesome.” And then I started doing research, and I got the sense by doing research and reading articles online and talking to the alumni that it was the place for me to be. And I felt so strongly that I wasn’t going to go anywhere else if I didn’t get into Sloan. mbaMission: Did you end up applying to any other schools? AF: I did, but I backed out. I didâ€"some schools that were focused on entrepreneurshipâ€"but I was kind of like, Sloan is the only place for me, and then I withdrew my applications once I got into Sloan because I was not even interested in finding out the results. mbaMission: I’m glad it worked out! AF: Yeah. I feel very lucky. mbaMission:  Once you got to Sloan, did you decide to pursue one of the tracks? AF: Yes, the entrepreneurship and innovation track. The majority of the entrepreneurship classes at Sloan are accessible to anyone that attends, and one of the reasons I like Sloan is because of the flexible curriculum. When I was an undergrad, I went to Hamilton, which had no core curriculum. So I really was able to build my own education at Hamilton, and MIT Sloan was really the only school that I felt had that amount of flexibility, where I could build my own education and make decisionsâ€"where I could say, “This is what I want out of the two years at Sloan,” rather than being told I have to fulfill a certain number of requirements. We only have one semester of core curriculum, as you probably know, and then the track puts on top of that a couple of other classes that you need to fulfill, but on the whole, it’s a very flexible curriculum. So the way the track works is there is an entrepreneurship seminar in the fall that is three hours a week, and speakers will come in and tell you about their experiences, and we’ll go over different topics. And then in the spring semester, we will take about four days and go to Silicon Valley and visit start-ups. And those are the only two things that if you are not in the track, you cannot access. The rest of the classes that are required in the track, you can take them whether you’re in the track or not, which is nice. So you don’t have to be in the track if you don’t want to be and can still get a great entrepreneurship education. The value of the track is really building the community. There’s lot of value in meeting other people that have similar experiences or similar passions. So going on the Silicon Valley study tour is a great way to bond with people that are passionate about entrepreneurship. mbaMission: How would you describe your team experience? AF: My team experience was great. Sloan puts a lot of thought into who goes onto what team. I don’t know anything about their process, but to give you an example, I had three other classmates from the United States, a classmate from Argentina, a classmate from Japan, and a classmate from Egypt. And we all came from different industries and different job functions, so the great thing was, you’re going through this core curriculum, where you’re kind of getting the business basics, and everyone has a different strength that they bring to the table. So therefore, when someone that’s in marketing doesn’t understand the finance part of it, the person that has finance expertise can help everybody else out, which is really nice. It’s a very collaborative environment in which people are willing to take time to explain something if someone needs help, which is nice. Not to mention that it brings a different perspective to the table when going through case write-ups and all that. mbaMission: Is there ever a situation where somebody does not get along with their team or a team just isn’t working together well? What happens then? AF: I haven’t heard of too many instances of that happening but, of course, it’s bound to come up. They do not allow you to quit your team, so if you have a problem on your team, if there is an extreme kind of friction going on, a lot of people will try to work it out themselvesâ€"mostly because, you know, it’s your first semester, and you probably don’t want to be known as the team that’s having a major breakdown. They do some kind of team counseling if it gets to that extreme, but that didn’t happen to us. My team was great. I don’t know the details of how that kind of support system works [for teams that don’t get along], but it’s there. mbaMission: One thing we hear a lot about the Sloan experience is the concept of hands-on learning. How have you experienced that? AF: I really love that aspect of it, and that’s another reason I came to Sloan, especially as a physics major. I really wanted not to just do case method and was used to doing more hands-on type of stuff as a scientist anyway. And the nice thing about that aspect isâ€"especially in entrepreneurshipâ€"there are a number of classes where you can be working on your own business and kind of using your business as the model as they’re teaching you about financial models in entrepreneurship. And that’s cool, because not only does it benefit you but you’re learning something as well. We have all these lab classesâ€"there’s entrepreneurship lab, global entrepreneurship lab. I did global entrepreneurship lab last semester, which is an action learning class. Basically what happens is you have part of the semester learning about entrepreneurship in different emerging markets and then you get paired with a companyâ€"they tell you about companies that you could work with, and you rank which ones you’d like to work with and apply as a teamâ€"and you work with them from October through January. Then in January for three weeks you go to wherever they’re located and you work with them kind of as a consultant for three weeks. So that’s our biggest action learning class, the entrepreneurship lab, and I had a really amazing experience doing that. My client was fantastic. I went to Indonesia and worked with the leading digital incubator there, and you learn things about working with a team. You’re put in a lot of team environments where you really have to work on something that’s real, that’s going to make an impact at a company. I thought it was great. It’s taking you outside of just the MIT and Sloan community and putting you into a real situation where you’re doing real work and putting your head together with your classmates, then trying to come up with a solution to a problem that someone is actually facing. It’s pretty cool. mbaMission: You mentioned Januaryâ€"can you tell us about the Independent Activities Period that students have that month? This seems to be unique to Sloan. AF: Yeah. So the activities period is actually an MIT thing. It’s a month where everybody takes off, and there are a number of classes that happen during that time that you can takeâ€"cool classes like poker or the nuts and bolts of business plans. That’s a big class that happens during that time period. My first year, I actually went on a trek. I went with seven of my classmates to Antarctica. We actually went on a cruise, because that’s kind of the only way you can get there, and this trek was highly organized by the cruise line that we purchased through. So there was hiking and checking out glaciers and penguin colonies, and that type of stuff. So that was really awesome. There are a number of different types of travel opportunities. One of them is like global entrepreneurship lab, which I already mentioned, but there are treks, which are more social trips. People from a particular geographic area will organize those. For example, the students from Sloan that are from Japan will organize a trip for our classmates to go to Japan over like ten days, and this is really cool, because you’re being guided around a country by the locals. So that’s a really cool perspective. And I think Japan Trek maybe was our most popular this year and last year. I want to say 120 people went on that trip. mbaMission: Wow, that’s a lot. AF: Yeah. So those are usually social, but sometimes they have a more professional element, like maybe someone is well connected and knows some industry leaders or political people. I went on the Jordan and Lebanon trek over the summer, and we had a meeting with the prince. So sometimes those situations come up where you might be meeting with business leaders or other types of leaders, but on the whole, the treks are more of a vacation type of trip, whereas with the study tour, which is a different type of trip, you actually have a class component, and then you go there and you study something. For example, this semester there was a Qatar study tour, and they were studying how Qatar is trying to kind of integrate the country with entrepreneurship there. One of our classmates, I think our first Qatari to attend Sloanâ€"she lead that and built the class around it. And so those, I believe, are student proposed, but they’re education based. I think there are probably some vacation elements in there, but there’s also an education component on the trip. mbaMission: Do you get any credit for the ones that are more social? AF: No, the social ones are just for fun. mbaMission: How has the Evolving Campus Project  affected life at the school during your time there? AF: I didn’t know it was called that, but I can tell you that I benefitted greatly from it. The new building at Sloan, E62â€"which I think my class, 2013, was the first class to have for a full yearâ€"it’s beautiful. It’s a beautiful building, and it has a really great open space for the café. Running into people is never difficult, because people are having lunch there, doing work, and it’sâ€"I’m not really sure what the facilities were like before, but I can’t imagine they lived up to the amount of community building that is coming from having such a large lunch space. There are classrooms, little working office spaces that you can go into if you want to do homework with a team or by yourself and kind of shut the door on that social aspect for a little bit while you write a case, and obviously, the lunch area is more social, and they’ll have events there. I think like once a month or every other month we have an activity called One Sloan where they’ll have food and beer so that all the Sloan community can get togetherâ€"not just the MBAs but the MFins and the EMBAs and the PhD students and undergrads can come and mingle with each other. mbaMission: Did you have any professors that particularly impressed you? AF: I guess one that stands out is Leigh Hafrey. He is an ethics professor, and ethics and leadership are a large part of our curriculum and go with Sloan’s mission statement of developing principled and innovative leaders. So he’s kind of the man on entrepreneurship, and I took one of his classes last semester. I’m taking a class this semester, and I took one last semester, “Literature, Ethics and Authority.” We’d read stories or watch movies that had an ethical component to them and then discuss them in class, and it wasn’t always completely obvious how this would relate to our job three to five years or ten years, however many years down the line. Except that I feel there will be some day where I’m having a question and I’ll be like, “Oh, I remember that time I watched Motorcycle Diaries, and this thing going on in my brain right now is happening because of that.” I love Leigh Hafrey because he does a really good job at creating a conversation that is really hard to have and getting people to open up on a really deep and personal level, in a way that isn’t going to come out when you’re doing an operations case. And I felt like I got to know my classmates on a level that no other experience in business school would have allowed me. Getting to know someone on that kind of moral level and to have people bring out stories that are really personal in that setting is kind of remarkable, and I think it’s because of Leigh Hafrey’s ability to bring that out in people. Unless you know someone really well, they’re not going to tell you, even in a social settingâ€"we have 400 classmates, and you’re not going to get to know every single one of them on the level that allows them to tell you a really deep story about themselves that has some vulnerability in it. And I think that’s a really important thing to have when you’re building a group of people to be leaders, having them bond with each other. So he does a really good job of bringing out those deep connections in the classroom. mbaMission: How would you characterize social life at the school? AF: Social life is great. And I would say the number one reason for it being great is that the people are just awesome. I really think that MIT Sloan, I don’t know what criteria they use to pick people to come here, but it is a really high concentration of genuinely good people. Just very kind, warm, intelligent, humble, all of the things I mentioned before. That makes the social experience that much more positive, because you actually want to get to know your classmates on a social level. And we have some traditions that happen. So, on Thursdays, we have parties called C-Functions. C-Function is Consumption Function, which is an economics term, so it’s kind of a joke on drinking and economics. We have that, and a cultural group will put on the C-Function for that week. So, there will be a Japanese C-Function or an LGBT C-Function. There are ones as random as the New England C-Function. And there’s usually a performance for maybe 20 or 30 minutes at the beginning and a theme. So those are really fun, and they always have free food and beer. And then on Wednesdays, the Sloanies take over a bar across on the Boston side in Beacon Hill called the Beacon Hill Pub. You can always find fun people at that bar on Wednesday nights. So those are two main pillars of the social circle that happen every week, and MIT has the Muddy Charles [Pub] that a lot of people go to and hang out at and do homework and grab a beer. There are also a lot of cool weekend trips that happen, kind of spontaneouslyâ€"like a trip to Iceland. There’s a lot of different social things. We have a fall ball and a spring gala for our formals, and those are a fun opportunity for us to dress up. I think it’s great. I always have fun hanging out with classmates. It makes it really hard to go back to New York and visit my non-Sloan friends because I love it here so much. And it goes by so fast. mbaMission: Have you been involved with any of the clubs on campus? AF: Sure. Clubs are a big thing. I was managing director of the MIT 100K Entrepreneurship Competition, which is actually an MIT club, not a Sloan club. So that was a very time-intensive but rewarding process. It’s nearly a full-time job on top of classes and homework and socializing and all of that, but it was really amazing and a great opportunity to kind of put my blood and sweat into the system, into the ecosystem, to support other people, because everyoneâ€"both the Sloan students and the engineering studentsâ€"are so inspiring and passionate about projects that they’re working on and turning them into real companies. It was really incredible to see some people have an idea that was nothing more than an idea actually out in the world launching a company a year later and raising money and making an impact in the world. So that is really incredible and really let me get to know the entire campus. mbaMission: Sure, I can see that. As an aspiring entrepreneur, have you had much interaction with the career development office? AF: Yeah. The career development office [CDO] has something called career core during the course of the semester. So on Friday mornings, there’ll be different sessions on, you know, how to be an effective networker or how to build your resume, how to negotiate salary, or terms of employment, or all the types of skills and things that you need to be aware of during your recruiting process. They have sessions on that, and they’ll have different people come in and teach sessions or talk about their experience with those different aspects. And the staff at the CDO is always available for meetings. If you want someone to look over your resume or want to talk to them about something that you’re considering or whatever, you can set up an appointment. They build a resume book that they send out to all of the companies that they have relationships with, and those companies will have our resumes. I actually, in August, I got an email from Samsung saying, “We saw your resume in the resume book. We’d like for you to apply.” So those types of things happen, where the company gets your information and then is coming to you, which is great. They also have a portal on their Web site with all of the jobs and interview schedules posted so that you can apply for a job and have it go that way also. As an entrepreneur, I didn’t use them too much. You know, as an entrepreneur you kind of need to go get a job for yourself. Eventually, I’d love to start my own business. Obviously it’s nearing graduation, and I haven’t done that already, mostly because I’ve been so involved in a number of activities on campus that I haven’t actually focused on starting my company. So that might happen or, you know, there are a number of companies in the Boston area that are interesting to me. So I will be looking into that and seeing if I can secure a job with one of them if I’m not starting a company myself. mbaMission: Right. Do you have a venture in mind? AF: I have a team. I mean, I know a couple of friends, engineers and business people that would be interested in working together. So we’re trying to brainstorm things that we’d want to work on together. But every interaction I’ve had with the CDO has been very supportive. I was considering an internship actually with a professor last year who wanted me to work for him. And so I was kind of like, how do I negotiate with someone that’s teaching me in class? What’s the appropriate way to have that discussion? Ultimately, I didn’t take that job, but I talked to them about it. I actually got that job at Samsung, but I’m not going to take it, so I also talked to them about the best way to turn that offer down. mbaMission: Sure. Did you take an internship anywhere after your first year? AF: Actually, yeah, kind of an unconventional one. I participated in the new start-up accelerator called the MIT Founders’ Skills Accelerator  that’s being run out of the entrepreneurship center here at MIT. It was the first year that it was run, and I joined one of the teams that was selected to participate. I joined that team for the summer and then decided it wasn’t the one. But it was a really great program. It was great to get to know the eight or ten other MIT teams. It’s not just Sloan but MIT teams going into that accelerator, which is really awesome. mbaMission: I see. What would you tell candidates considering Sloan for their MBA? What do you think they should know about the school? AF: About Sloan? That’s a good question. I think it’s mostly about the people. The people are really what made this experience what it’s been for me, and I think having that community has been really invaluable. The kind of humility and positivity and friendliness and openness of the people that go here make it such a great experience. So its community is the best part of it. And the sense of entrepreneurial spirit. It happens in, I think, everyone, even if they’re not looking to be an entrepreneur. That’s something that kind of comes across in everyone. People want to be creative, and there’s a lot of that here as well. But on the flipside of that, I’ve had people say, “Well, I don’t want to do a start-up, and Sloan is so heavy in that, so maybe I shouldn’t go.” But I don’t think that’s the case. You don’t have to want to be an entrepreneur to fit in at Sloan. But you might end up taking an entrepreneurial approach to business at a large company. It’s the only way to innovate in companies that are already established, pretty much. I would add that if I did give advice on applying to business school, what would I say is go and visit the places. Talk to as many alumni as you can, and figure out like what feels right, because the people are the most important thing. And how do you like to study? I came to MIT because I like to study things by doing them. That’s why I came here, and so if you don’t like that, that’s fine, but do whatever feels right to you. So don’t look at the rankings, talk to the people, go and visit class and get a feeling for it. You’ll probably end up in the right place if you do that. mbaMission: If you do your research? AF: Yeah, if you do your research, you’ll end up in the right place. I believe that. Share ThisTweet B-School Insider Interview Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Sloan)

The Debate Over Reparations for Slavery

The effects of both the transatlantic slave trade and colonialism continue to reverberate today, leading activists, human rights groups and the descendants of victims to demand reparations. The debate over reparations for slavery in the United States dates back  generations, in fact, all the way to the Civil War. Then, Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman recommended that all freedmen should receive 40 acres and a mule. The idea came after talks with African American themselves. However, President Andrew Johnson and the U.S. Congress did not approve of the plan. In the 21st century, not much has changed. The U.S. government and other nations where slavery thrived have yet to compensate the descendants of people in bondage. Still, the call for governments to take action has recently grown louder. In September 2016, a United Nations panel wrote a report that concluded African Americans deserve reparations for enduring centuries of â€Å"racial terrorism.† Made up of human rights lawyers and other experts, the U.N.’s Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent shared its findings with the U.N. Human Rights Council. â€Å"In particular, the legacy of colonial history, enslavement, racial subordination and segregation, racial terrorism and racial inequality in the United States remains a serious challenge, as there has been no real commitment to reparations and to truth and reconciliation for people of African descent,† the report determined. â€Å"Contemporary police killings and the trauma that they create are reminiscent of the past racial terror of lynching.† The panel does not have authority to legislate its findings, but its conclusions certainly give weight to the reparations movement. With this review, get a better idea of what reparations are, why supporters believe they’re needed  and why opponents object to them. Learn how private institutions, such as colleges and corporations, are owning up to their role in slavery, even as the federal government remains silent on the issue. What Are Reparations? When some people hear the term â€Å"reparations,† they think it means that descendants of slaves will receive a large cash payout. While reparations can be distributed in the form of cash, that’s hardly the only form in which they come. The U.N. panel said that reparations can amount to â€Å"a formal apology, health initiatives, educational opportunities ... psychological rehabilitation, technology transfer and financial support, and debt cancellation.† The human rights organization Redress defines reparations as a centuries-long principle of international law â€Å"referring to the obligation of a wrongdoing party to redress the damage caused to the injured party.† In other words, the guilty party must work to eradicate the effects of the wrongdoing as much as possible. In doing so, the party aims to restore a situation to how it likely would have played out had no wrongdoing occurred. Germany has provided restitution to Holocaust victims, but there’s simply no way to compensate for the lives of the six million Jews slaughtering during the genocide. Redress points out that in 2005, the U.N. General Assembly adopted the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. These principles serve as a guideline for how reparations can be distributed.  One can also look to history for  examples. Although the descendants of enslaved African Americans have not received reparations, Japanese Americans forced into internment camps by the federal government during World War II have. The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 allowed the U.S. government to pay former internees $20,000. More than 82,000 survivors received restitution. President Ronald Reagan formally apologized to the internees as well. People who oppose reparations for slave descendants argue that African Americans and Japanese American internees differ. While actual survivors of internment were still alive to receive restitution, enslaved blacks are not.    Proponents and Opponents of Reparations The African American community includes both opponents and proponents of reparations. Ta-Nehisi Coates, a journalist for The Atlantic, has surfaced as one of the leading advocates for redress for African Americans. In 2014, he wrote a compelling argument in favor of reparations that catapulted him to international stardom. Walter Williams, an economic professor at George Mason University, is one of the leading foes of reparations. Both men are black. Williams argues that reparations are unnecessary because he contends that African Americans actually benefitted from slavery. Almost every black American’s income is higher as a result of being born in the United States than any country in Africa, Williams told ABC News. Most black Americans are middle-class. But this statement overlooks the fact that African Americans have higher poverty, unemployment and health disparities than other groups. It also overlooks that blacks have far less wealth on average than whites, a disparity that has continued over generations. Moreover, Williams ignores the psychological scars left by slavery and racism, which researchers have linked to higher rates of hypertension and infant mortality for blacks than whites. Reparations advocates argue that redress goes beyond a check. The government can compensate African Americans by investing in their schooling, training and economic empowerment. But Williams asserts that the federal government has already invested trillions to fight poverty. â€Å"We’ve had all kinds of programs trying to address the problems of discrimination,† he said. â€Å"America has gone a long way.† Coates, in contrast, argues that reparations are needed because after the Civil War, African Americans endured a second slavery due to debt peonage, predatory housing practices, Jim Crow and state-sanctioned violence. He also cited an Associated Press investigation about how racism resulted in blacks systematically losing their land since the antebellum period. â€Å"The series documented some 406 victims and 24,000 acres of land valued at tens of millions of dollars,† Coates explained of the investigation. â€Å"The land was taken through means ranging from legal chicanery to terrorism. ‘Some of the land taken from black families has become a country club in Virginia,’ the AP reported, as well as ‘oil fields in Mississippi’ and ‘a baseball spring training facility in Florida.’† Coates also pointed out how those who owned the land black tenant farmers worked often proved unscrupulous and refused to give sharecroppers the money owed to them. To boot, the federal government deprived African Americans of a chance to build up wealth by homeownership due to racist practices.    â€Å"Redlining went beyond FHA-backed loans and spread to the entire mortgage industry, which was already rife with racism, excluding black people from most legitimate means of obtaining a mortgage,† Coates wrote. Most compellingly, Coates notes how enslaved blacks and slavers themselves thought reparations necessary. He describes how in 1783, freedwoman Belinda Royall successfully petitioned the commonwealth of Massachusetts for reparations. In addition, Quakers demanded new converts to make reparations to slaves, and Thomas Jefferson protà ©gà © Edward Coles granted his slaves a plot of land after inheriting them. Similarly, Jefferson’s cousin John Randolph wrote in his will that his older slaves be freed and given 10 acres of land. The reparations blacks received then paled in comparison to how much the South, and by extension  the United States, profited from human trafficking. According to Coates, a third of all white income in the seven cotton states stemmed from slavery. Cotton became one of the country’s top exports, and by 1860, more millionaires per capita called the Mississippi Valley home than any other region in the nation. While Coates is the American most associated with the reparations movement today, he certainly did not start it. In the 20th century, a hodgepodge of Americans backed reparations. They include veteran Walter R. Vaughan, black-nationalist Audley Moore, civil rights activist James Forman and black activist Callie House. In 1987, the group National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America formed. And since 1989, Rep. John Conyers (D-Mich.) has repeatedly introduced a bill, HR 40, known as the Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act. But the bill has never cleared the House, just as Harvard Law School Professor Charles J. Ogletree Jr. has not won any of the reparations claims he’s pursued in court. Aetna, Lehman Brothers, J.P. Morgan Chase, FleetBoston Financial and Brown Williamson Tobacco are among the companies that have been sued for their ties to slavery. But Walter Williams said that corporations aren’t culpable. â€Å"Do corporations have social responsibility?† Williams asked in an opinion column. â€Å"Yes. Nobel laureate professor Milton Friedman put it best in 1970 when he said that in a free society ‘there is one and only one social responsibility of business—to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud.’† Some corporations have a different take. How Institutions Have Addressed Slavery Ties Companies such as Aetna have acknowledged profiting from slavery. In 2000, the company apologized for reimbursing slaveholders for the financial losses incurred when their chattel, enslaved men and women, died. Aetna has long acknowledged that for several years shortly after its founding in 1853 that the company may have insured the lives of slaves, the company said in a statement. We express our deep regret over any participation at all in this deplorable practice. Aetna admitted to writing up to a dozen policies insuring the lives of the enslaved. But it said it would not offer reparations. The insurance industry and slavery were extensively entangled. After Aetna apologized for its role in the institution, the California State Legislature required all insurance companies doing business there to search their archives for policies that reimbursed slaveholders. Not long afterward, eight companies provided such records, with three submitting records of having insured slave ships. In 1781, slavers on the ship Zong  threw more than  130 sick slaves overboard to collect insurance money. But Tom Baker, then director of the Insurance Law Center at the University of Connecticut School of Law, told the New York Times in 2002 that he disagreed that insurance companies should be sued for their slavery ties. â€Å"I just have a sense that it’s unfair that a few companies have been singled out when the slave economy was something that the whole society bears some responsibility for,† he said. â€Å"My concern is more that to the extent that there is some moral responsibility, it should not be targeted to just a few people.† Some institutions with ties to the slave trade have tried to make amends for their past. A number of the nation’s oldest universities, among them Princeton, Brown, Harvard, Columbia, Yale, Dartmouth, the University of Pennsylvania and the College of William and Mary, had ties to slavery. Brown University’s Committee on Slavery and Justice found that the school’s founders, the Brown family, owned slaves and participated in the slave trade. Additionally, 30 members of Brown’s governing board owned slaves or helmed slave ships. In response to this finding, Brown said it would expand its Africana studies program, continue to provide technical assistance to historically black colleges and universities, support local public schools and more. Georgetown University is also taking action. The university owned slaves and announced plans to offer reparations. In 1838, the university sold 272 enslaved blacks to eliminate its debt. As a result, it is offering admissions preference to the descendants of those it sold. â€Å"Having this opportunity would be amazing but I also feel as if it’s owed to me and to my family and to others that want that opportunity,† Elizabeth Thomas, a slave descendant, told NPR in 2017. Her mother, Sandra Thomas, said she didn’t think Georgetown’s reparations plan goes far enough, as not every descendant is in a position to attend university. â€Å"What about me?† she asked. â€Å"I dont want to go to school. Im an old lady. What if you don’t have the capacity? You have one student lucky enough to have decent family support system, got the foundation. He can go to Georgetown and he can thrive. He has that ambition. You’ve got this kid over here. He’ll never go to Georgetown or any other school on this planet beyond a certain level. Now, what you going to do for him? Did his ancestors suffer any less? No.† Thomas raises a point on which  both supporters and foes of reparations can agree. No amount of restitution can make up for the injustices suffered.

How to Complete a Solid Persuasive Abortion Essay

When dealing with abortion, remember that you must cope with one of the most controversial subjects ever. The thing is that it is a long-running issue of political nature in the majority of the countries all over the world, and there are individuals who stand on both sides of this argument and passionately hold personal beliefs they tend to state pretty expressively. There are many reasons why you might need to accomplish a persuasive essay on abortion, whether you’re taking part in a certain campaign you support or you just deal with a regular academic project. One way or another, you must know how to do this job right. A lot of people, no matter how serious they are about their beliefs, are not very good at expressing them to the others. Moreover, in some cases it may be more complicated to provide a well-researched and professionally composed project on the topic you feel solidly about. What you have to do to is to stay away from various traps you can easily fall into.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be honest! It does not matter how persuasive and well-expressed your project is. The point is that if your assignment is based on facts your reader can easily check, and all those statements turn to be far from truth, your reputation will be ruined and all your efforts to create an essay worth paying attention to will be in vain. Build you arguments upon the factual material.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Make certain you do not misinterpret viewpoints of the other side. In case you’re the one who believes in access to abortion, no need to concentrate on weird statements like those provided by the USA politicians who speak about something they call â€Å"legitimate rape† for it’s not what you need. Make sure you talk about real life examples on pregnancies that were caused by incest or rape. In case you do not support the argument, never approach your opponents with accusations of killing babies. The thing is that these people believe that in this or that situation the termination of pregnancy is the best of the worst options.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Emotive words are a taboo! When your task is to persuade someone that pregnancy termination is wrong and you claim that what they do is nothing but a murder, your opponents will begin to defend their views. Dispassionately providing only solid arguments – that’s what we call persuasive! Turn off your emotions, because they will make you look like a five-year-old baby crying in order to get a candy. Always keep in mind who you are writing for. In case you make an effort to motivate individuals who support the same viewpoint as you do it’s OK to add up a slight touch of emotions to the content. Still, when writing for the audience that is opposite to you and your beliefs, make sure to take a look at your essay from their perspective. Get inside their mind and think what arguments would take you to the other side if you were in their shoes.

The Media s Influence On Politics - 1134 Words

POLS 1101 American Government The media’s influence on politics I decided to do research on the impact that the media has politics due to the factors that can influence society, as well as the individuals. Do you believe that social media plays a major role in politics and at times can be unfair by only showing one perspective? I personally believe that the social media, greatly effects politics and can be shown to be very one-sided on many occasions. Social media has been around long before it became used for political battleground. According, to the article Social Media, Political Change, and Human Rights â€Å"Social media is defined as a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of User Generated Content†. It comes in many different formats such as collaborative projects, virtual worlds, blogs, content communities, and social networking. Collaborative projects are projects that people work towards creating content. One of the most popular collaborative projects that we are familiar with is Wikipedia. Blogs are creative workspaces created by an individual or organization that follows any topic the author chooses. The most commonly used are Tumblr, blogger, etc. Content communities are sites where you must join to become a member. A few popular content communities are Flickr, YouTube, etc. Social networking is among the most popular of social mediaShow MoreRelatedMedia s Influence On Politics932 Words   |  4 PagesMedia and politics are different entities with distinct aim; however, both depend on each other. Politics use media to be known by the public and to advertise their campaigns while media needs politics to inform the public by giving visibility to politics. Media and politics work together and even though they are different, both impact each other . Since politics need media to provide good image and inform ation about them. Media also can use its authority to exploit information on politics; in contrastRead MoreMedia s Influence On Politics1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe media has perpetually influenced politics, for example, during the 2016 election, 91 percent of Americans learned information about the election from eleven various media sources. As it is evident that the media increases knowledge about multiple candidates and political parties throughout the country, within those sources, individualistic opinions and biases cloud the accurate information of what occurs. Although the press may be expanding awareness about the government and policy issues, itRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Politics Essay2357 Words   |  10 Pages â€Å"Social media s influence in this presidential election is stronger than it has ever been† (Lang par.4). It is undeniable that this 2016 election has been greatly impacted by the media. Whether it be social media or the more traditional forms of media, the impact is colossal. Many would say that this is great, because politics are evolving and appealing to younger and younger people. A tremendous amount of people believe that the surprising and quite impressive success of Donald Trump and hisRead MoreMedia s Influence On Politics1742 Words   |  7 Pages In the Public Eye: Politics and the Media Much of American life is guided by the influx of information received from the media. This results in the ability of the media to shape or mold the opinions of American society. Media is used in numerous areas concerning politics. â€Å"Without the media’s investigations, citizens would be forced to rely entirely on the information provided by politicians and the government, and would be deprived of an indispensable opportunity to evaluate issues carefully andRead MoreThe Political Economy Of The Media978 Words   |  4 PagesThis unit â€Å"The Political Economy of the Media† we try to understand what the correlation is between the political economy and its influence on the media and when did the economy start to effect the media. We will discuss within three different issues based on the readings issued; Newspaper, the discipline of journalism and the politics of the film industry. Each reading makes valid points and gives great real life examples of how politics a nd the media are in a symbiotic relationship. In BennettRead MoreSocial Media And Politics During The 1930 S Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Media and politics Prior to the 1930’s there was no state of union to the public. It wasn’t until the radio that politics and people came as one. Politics started using social media in the 1930’s with Franklin D. Roosevelt. With the use of the radio th president became the center of attention in the media. He used the media for everything. If was federal or foreign affairs because it was easy to rely on the one president oppose to congress. Also, president have a term â€Å"going public† forRead MoreThe Media: A Powerful Voice1088 Words   |  4 PagesThe Media is a powerful voice listened to by millions of Americans, as well as billions of people across the globe. For decades, the media has been an influential instrument in the political realm. In today’s politics, the media is a necessary part of the campaign process and is undoubtedly a powerful tool for candidates in getting their message to the public and the engine by which public opinion is formed. But just how powerful is the media? Dictionary.com defines the media as, â€Å"The means ofRead MoreEssay on Mass Medias Political Power967 Words   |  4 Pagesissues regarding media influence in politics 1. Does presentation and coverage affect voting behaviour and choices? 2. Do media have an impact on political struggle and decide nature of debates? Definitions of mass media Mass media are channels of communication through which messages flow, produced by a few for consumption by many people. As the messages go through the channels, they are distorted. When people receive mass-media messages, theyRead MoreThe Political Of Political Socialization863 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical socialization is vital in the developing of how one views politics, the way they act or choose not to act, and how they identify within the political system. Although countless influences sway or attract us to a given political view, party, or identification, there are undoubtedly certain factors that play a bigger role in this process. Some of the most prominent agents of political socialization are as follows; family, media, peers, education, religion, faith, race, gender, age, geographyRead MoreThe Media s Impact On Public Opinion936 Words   |  4 PagesThe media has always had a powerful impact on public opinion in Britain. With several different types and means of communication, such as TV, newspapers, social networking and radio, it is difficult for the public to not be even slightly impacted by the opinion of thousands that surrounds them every day. However, with newspapers spinning stories to promote the party they favour (such as the Daily Mail in favour of Conservatives or the Mirror in favour of Labour ) or to disparage the opposition, is

Midsummer Night’s Dream Analysis Essay Example For Students

Midsummer Night’s Dream Analysis Essay After a night of wandering through the woods, chasing fairies, having variouspotions rubbed over their eyes, falling in and out of love, and threatening eachothers lives and limbs, the four lovers of A Midsummer Nights Dream wake up inthe forest to the trumpeting of horns and find themselves surrounded bynobility. Its no wonder they are confused, and cannot truly say .. . (IV.1.7) how they ended up where they are and what happened the nightbefore. But what they are sure about is how they feel towards one another. Whether its a love that has faded, grown anew or been there all along, the fourlovers possess a certainty about who (m) they love that is as strong if notstronger than it is at any other point in the play. Lysander is the first of thefour paramours to react to Theseus wonderment at their situation. He admitsthat I shall reply amazedly, /Half sleep, half waking. But as yet, Iswear, /I cannot truly say how I came here. (IV.1.145-7). In this excerpt,Lysanders tone is understandably a bit dazed and unsure, and his response islittered with uncertainty. This tone of astonishment is also present in thethoughts of Demetrius, Helena, and Hermia. Methinks I see these thingswith parted eye, /When everything seems double (IV.1.188-9) exclaimsHermia, and Helena agrees that So methinks.(IV.1.190). Demetrius isso bewildered that he finds it necessary to ask the others Are you surethat we are awake? It seems to me/ That yet we sleep, we dream.(IV.1.192-4). The underlying tone throughout this waking scene is one ofuneasiness and confusion between dreams and reality; but the only time thelovers express real uncertainty is while they are sorting out what just happenedin front of them involving the Duke and his hunting party. Demetrius asks theothers Do not you think/The Duke was here, and bid us follow him?(IV.1.194-5), and only concludes that Why, then, we are awake.(IV.1.197) after receiving confirmation from the others. But this tone ofuncertainty fades when the four talk about their true loves. Demetrius admitsthat I wot know by what power . . . (IV.1.163) that his love forHermia has Melted as the snow . . .(IV.1.165), but he is sure thatThe object and the pleasure of mine eye, /is only Helena.(IV.1.169-70). Lysander and Hermia dont even refer to their love as anytimebeing in doubttheir confusion again only pertains to what is happeningpresently; what Hermia sees as if out of focus, with parted eye .. . (IV.1.188). While it would take a whole other paper to debate whether ornot Demetrius is really in love with Helena in his drugged state, she at leastis convinced of his love. In the woods, Helena was sure that Demetrius vows ofadoration were to scorn her, and even as he claimed to love her, she lamentedWherefore speaks he this/To her he hates? (III.2.227-8). But thenext morning, she regards his vows with less doubt, and instead reflects thatshe has Found Demetrius, like a jewel/Mine own and not mineown.(IV.1.190). She acknowledges that Demetrius was lost to her own at onepoint, but more importantly she now knows that he is found. Helenas newacceptance of Demetrius love could be because his vows are much more concretethan they were in the woods. There Demetrius proclaimed his love through claimsof admiration and idolatry; using spin words of poets without real depth, likewhen he awakens and out of the blue declares Helena to be a goddess,nymph, perfect, divine . . . (III.2.137). In the morning his declarationscarry an air of more reason, and focus not on empty catch-phrases of beauty andpassion. Instead, Demetrius declares more what he feels, saying Now I dowish for Helenas love, love it, long for it, /And will for evermore be trueto it.(IV.1.174-5). His feelings of love are now more certain andconfident, thus he is able to express them with language more concrete.

Digestive System Essays (319 words) - Digestive System, Medicine

Digestive System The digestive system is a alimentary canal; it consist of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines and anus. The mouth is the first process of the digestive system. The mouth breaks down the food you consume. You chew the food, which is known as masticating, the food is then mixed with saliva broken down for your body to absorb and use. The food then travels to the esophagus which is connected to the stomach. contractions known as peristalsis, push the food down to the stomach. The stomach is a sac-like organ with strong muscular walls. It is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity. The food enters at the cardioesophageal sphincter. The stomach acts as a storage tank for food. It doesn't only hold the food but it also mixes and grinds the food done by chemical breakdown of proteins . The stomach is the body's major digestive organ, the nutrients are absorbed by the blood in the organ. The processed food is now chime which is then sent to the small intestines. The small intestines consist of three parts, the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum. The duodenum is attached to the stomach, and curves around the head of the pancreas. The jejunum is attached to the duodenum and the ileum extends from the jejunum to the large intestines. The breakdown of the chyme are mixed with enzymes, and bile enters from the gall bladder. The large intestines then eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces. Though the large intestines does not participate in digestion of food, and to help pass the feces, goblet cells produce mucus to act a lubricant. The large intestines consist of the cecum, the appendix which hangs from the cecum. The large intestines leads to/consist of the colon, rectum, anus. The digestive system is used for the break down

Free Essays on Generation X

Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture. By Douglas Coupland. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991). Coupland illuminates the nineteen eighties by utilizing characters Andy, Clair, and Dag to construct a literary portrait of their generation. The job market, consumerism, and literary terms each contribute to identifying the 1980s generation that came of age. Generation X presents the post baby boomer generation who lost the â€Å"genetic lottery† causing job dissatisfaction, baby boomer resentment, and the search for something different. Dag’s story illustrates the X generation job market headed by those such as his boss, which Dag explains â€Å"Now, Martin, like most embittered ex-hippies, is a yuppie, and I have no idea how you’re supposed to relate to those people.† Dag furthers yuppie classification as, â€Å"Dickoids like Martin who snap like wolverines on speed when they can’t have a restaurant’s window seat in the nonsmoking section with cloth napkins† (21). As his story continues in the chapter titled â€Å"Quit Your Job† Dag reflects baby boomer resentment but first he explains to Dickoid Martin, â€Å"Well, if I’m going to quit anyway, might as well get a thing or two off my chest.† Following Dickoid’s (Martin) astonished response Dag asks, â€Å"do you really think we enjoy hearing about your brand new million-dollar home when we can barely afford to eat Kraft Dinner sandwiches in our own grimy little shoe boxes and we’re push ing thirty? A home you won in a genetic lottery, I might add, sheerly by dint of your having been born at the right time in history? You’d last about ten minutes if you were my age these days, Martin† (21). This story is especially important because it displays separation in occupational potential between the superior baby boomers vs. the inferior X generation. Most importantly Dag is unsatisfied with his job therefore providing an important aspect of his generation. A... Free Essays on Generation X Free Essays on Generation X Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture. By Douglas Coupland. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991). Coupland illuminates the nineteen eighties by utilizing characters Andy, Clair, and Dag to construct a literary portrait of their generation. The job market, consumerism, and literary terms each contribute to identifying the 1980s generation that came of age. Generation X presents the post baby boomer generation who lost the â€Å"genetic lottery† causing job dissatisfaction, baby boomer resentment, and the search for something different. Dag’s story illustrates the X generation job market headed by those such as his boss, which Dag explains â€Å"Now, Martin, like most embittered ex-hippies, is a yuppie, and I have no idea how you’re supposed to relate to those people.† Dag furthers yuppie classification as, â€Å"Dickoids like Martin who snap like wolverines on speed when they can’t have a restaurant’s window seat in the nonsmoking section with cloth napkins† (21). As his story continues in the chapter titled â€Å"Quit Your Job† Dag reflects baby boomer resentment but first he explains to Dickoid Martin, â€Å"Well, if I’m going to quit anyway, might as well get a thing or two off my chest.† Following Dickoid’s (Martin) astonished response Dag asks, â€Å"do you really think we enjoy hearing about your brand new million-dollar home when we can barely afford to eat Kraft Dinner sandwiches in our own grimy little shoe boxes and we’re push ing thirty? A home you won in a genetic lottery, I might add, sheerly by dint of your having been born at the right time in history? You’d last about ten minutes if you were my age these days, Martin† (21). This story is especially important because it displays separation in occupational potential between the superior baby boomers vs. the inferior X generation. Most importantly Dag is unsatisfied with his job therefore providing an important aspect of his generation. A...

Globalization of production and operations management Term Paper

Globalization of production and operations management - Term Paper Example Taking a simple circumstance of the use of computers by the manufacturers and the service sector is the best example that reflects how these businesses are growing rapidly in their domains. Manufacturers and their retailers are commonly joining hands and improving their distribution channels. In this case, the manufacturers are not wholly dependable on their retailers to expand their recognition in the market and help selling their products or services; however, they have their own opportunity to do so with the use of digital computers in collaboration with their retailers. First, the direct computer relationship between retailers and manufacturers have increased the possibility of making the manufacturers aware of the selling and purchasing of their products, while they could even collaborate directly if the products becomes short in market so that the delivery of products could be made in time with maximum customer satisfaction (Kozicki, pp.41-42). This way the manufacturers have g reat opportunity to have first-hand information about their consumers’ demands and can play a major part in increasing their productivity according to their target market’s interests. ... The consumers always want to save their time, money and resources to visit the outlets, choose from a wide range of varieties of products and services and then to reach upon the conclusion of making a purchase or not. In this case, the prospective buyers living abroad cannot even have the possibility of visiting the international outlets easily. Thus, E-Business provides these buyers with an opportunity to place online orders and have their desired products delivered to their doorsteps. This also increases the reach of the manufacturing industry and the service sector to buyers present outside the geographical area. The same could be done by television advertising and providing the prospective buyers a ‘universally accessible number’ to place orders. Yet, all this demands work force on the manufacturers’ or the service sectors’ end to make these facilities available to the consumers. Yet, this advancement also brings a great challenge for the manufacturers and creates quite a conflict between them and their retailers. The retailers are their help these manufacturers sell their products through a proper visible distribution channel. However, if the manufacturers start providing an e-buying service, the business o their retailers would come to an end. Even if it’s not an end, but, it will give a blow to their business and would prove to be a source of loss in the long run as less people would prefer going to the retail markets. This would eventually create competition between the two entities doing the same business and thus, the retailers would have to look for expandable options to increase their selling (Gupta, Koulamas, & Kyparisis, pp. 604-605). Thirdly, people interested in putting their products on auction have an unmatched opportunity

Jominy Hardenability test Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jominy Hardenability test - Lab Report Example During testing, water was sprayed on one side of the steel bar when still hot so as to enhance a one-dimensional transfer of heat during cooling. Moving away from the end that was quenched made the temperature rate of change to be altered. The rate of cooling is observed being low as the temperature increases. When the hardness of the surface is measured as a distance function from the end, a profile of hardness was obtained. This profile can be applied to any specimen that is made from steel (Callister 4). Hardenability is, therefore different from hardness as hardness refers to a measure of the extent of resistance for a solid matter towards different types of permanent shapes whenever some amount of force is applied to the solid matter. The macroscopic hardness is hardness with intermolecular bonds that are strong. It occurs whenever the character of the solid matter under force appears to be complex. In this respect, there are a variety hardness measurements. These include indent ation hardness, scratch hardness, and rebound hardness (Bain 3).Comparing the experimental and published hardenability values, it is evidenced that the two pairs of curves are similar to each other. The curves have a similar gradient with just a few differences. These differences were brought about due to experimental errors. Some of the experimental errors came about due to air resistance, parallax, the heterogeneous trait of the calibration plate, faultiness of the Rockwell scale, and wrong calculation.... As widely cited, Hardenability is measured using the measurements of length. It serves the purpose of indicating how deep inside a material of given hardness can be obtained. This is one such vital property in welding and it is inversely proportional to the weldability of a material. This property can be demonstrated in a case where whenever a work piece that is made of steel is quenched; the contact area having water is suddenly cooled and it is often evened out of the given medium. On the contrary, the internal depth of the medium, fails to cool in a rapid in a rapid way and the work pieces inside, cool at a slow rate allowing the austenite to change into a structure besides martensite. The main effect is that the resulting component would be a work piece with different crystal structures, having a hard shell and a core considered being soft and hard for the entire structure. In this case, the softer core is a combination of cementite and ferrite such as the pearlite. In ferrous al loys such as steel, hardenability is a component of the carbon content and other different elements of the alloy. The other alloying elements have relatively important including the calculation using the equivalent material’s carbon content. In quenching, the fluid used facilitates the rate of cooling for the materials as a result of the changing thermal conductivity and specific heat. Components such as water and brine that have the ability to cool faster than oil and air (Callister 9). Apart from this, whenever a fluids are agitated, their rate of cooling is fast. In other cases, the part geometry influences the rate of cooling rate for two samples having different volumes. This means that the material

Adidas Market Entry Strategy

Adidas Market Entry Strategy Adidas aims to achieve the mission of being the leading sports brand in the world. They aim to achieve this by the brands broad and unique product portfolio spanning from apparel and footwear for professional athletes to premium fashion (adidas-group, 2010). It allows Adidas to address multiple consumer needs, exploit market opportunities from various angles as well as be less affected by one-dimensional market risks. Adidas commitment to product innovation and its rich heritage differentiates the brand from competitors and provides a solid platform for future growth (adidas, 2010). For over 80 years the Adidas Group has been part of the world of sports on every level, delivering state-of-the-art sports footwear, apparel and accessories. Today, the Adidas Group is a global leader in the sporting goods industry and offers a broad portfolio of products. Products from the Adidas Group are available in virtually every country of the world (linkedin, 2010). Adidas is a brand name which comprises of a group of companies specializing in athletic footwear, clothes and equipment. After being founded in 1948, the company has several branches, joint stock enterprises and representative offices located around the globe. Its products are sold in more than 160 countries (intercomp, 2010). Today, the total staff employed by Adidas-Salamon AG group extends to 17,000 (intercomp, 2010). Of this number, over 3000 people are employed by two basic corporate centres- its headquarters in Herzogenaurach (Germany) and its operations centre in Portland, Oregon (USA) (intercomp, 2010). Al so located in Herzogenaurach are the strategic business units for Running, Soccer and Tennis as well as the Research and Development Centre. Adidas propose to work on a simple strategy that involves continuously strengthening their brands and products to improve competitive position and financial performance. The company also operates design studios and development departments at other locations around the world, corresponding to the related business activity. Adidas Sourcing Ltd., a fully-owned subsidiary headquartered in Hong Kong, is responsible for worldwide sourcing (adidas, 2010). Most marketers face many demands due to globalisation in todays marketplace. Globalisation in simple words can be said to be a trend expiring in the western world which can be easily taken into an emerging market (Jackson and Shaw, 2009). Globalisation involves global markets and global marketing which comprises of customers, competitors and the marketers who help companies to be successful. Global marketing can be defined as the marketing activities which are coordinated and integrated across multiple country markets, may involve standardised products, uniform packaging, similar advertising and coordinated sales campaigns across markets in several countries (Johansson, 2009). There can be five major classes of variables which propel companies towards globalisation in todays world. These are known as globalisation drivers and are market drivers, competitive drivers, cost drivers, technology drivers and government drivers (Johansson, 2009). Overview of Russia Russia is the largest country in the world, spanning 11 time zones and covering one-eighth of the worlds land surface. It is a combination of 89 different entities that constitute 16 autonomous republics, five autonomous regions, 10 national regions and several provinces and metropolitan cities and most of its residents live in urban areas (icmrindia, 2010). Russia is sometimes also referred to as the Russian Federation and hosts 141.9 million citizens descending from more than 100 ethnic groups (state, 2010). The capital and largest city in Russia is Moscow and is increasingly important as an economic and business centre; it has become Russias principal magnet for foreign investment and business presence. Moscow is rich in cultural tradition with many museums devoted to art, literature, music, dance, history, and science, as well as hundreds of churches and dozens of notable cathedrals (state, 2010). The second-largest city in Russia is St. Petersburg, which was established by Peter the Great in 1703 to be the capital of the Russian Empire as part of his Western-looking reforms. In Russian economy, the highest emerging industry is retail industry (Aslund, 1995). In recent years, Russia has appeared as a leading name among the countries contributing to retail environment. The fast development of retail trade and high consumer expenditure has been attracting large number of global companies to Russia (Voronkova and Lucey, 2005). Russian economy and businessÂÂ  are facing the boom period and are about to gain more momentum in the coming years. As per the estimates in the year 2007, the current financial year GDP would be around US $733 billion. As per the estimates, the GDP growth rate would remain above 5% till the year 2012 (mapsofworld, 2010).ÂÂ  Other participants ofÂÂ  Russian economy and businessÂÂ  sector are industrial productions, import and export business, agriculture and many others. The main centres of business at Russia are Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Vladivostok, St Petersburg and Novosibirsk (mapsofworld, 2010).ÂÂ   Recently thousands of private companies have been carrying out their business in Russia, adding revenue to the Russian economy (mapsofworld, 2010).ÂÂ   Overview of Bangladesh Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan, is the second largest Muslim country in the world. The capital, Dhaka, has over 2000 mosques and is known as the city of mosques. Bangladesh is bordered on the west, north, and east by India, on the southeast by Myanmar (formerly known as Burma), and on the south by the Bay of Bengal (mapsofworld, 2010). Bangladesh is one of the worlds most densely populated countries, with its people crammed into a delta of rivers that empties into the Bay of Bengal (bbcnews, 2010). Most of the people of Bangladesh are restrained to villages, with only 26 per cent living in urban areas. More than 98 percent of Bangladeshs population are Bengalis, who are largely descended from Indo-Aryans; the remaining two per cent includes Biharis and non-Bengali Muslims who had migrated from India. Bangladeshi culture, in many ways, reflects the culture of Greater Bengal (mapsofworld, 2010). Bangladesh has been in the course of a rough economic past. Two partitions led to wide economic neglect and even producing jute in large quantities contributed very little towards economic growth, as the country could not find much investment in this sector (mapsofworld, 2010). The foremost employer is agriculture, but it is unable to meet the demand for jobs. Thus many Bangladeshis in common with citizens from other countries in the region seek work abroad, sometimes illegally. The country is trying to diversify its economy, with industrial development a priority (mapsofworld, 2010). Overseas investors have pumped money into developed and the energy sector. Onshore and offshore gas reserves hold out some chance of future prosperity. Urbanization is proceeding rapidly, and it is estimated that only 30% of the population entering the labour force in the future will be absorbed into agriculture, although many will likely find other kinds of work in rural areas (mapsofworld, 2010). PEST Analysis All organisations operate in market places that are affected by forces outside their control (Jackson and Shaw, 2009, pp 300). Factors considered within the macro environment affect not only the company but all the other members of its micro environment, namely its suppliers, consumers, etc ( Easey, 1995). An analysis of the external factors that influence the firm is known as the PEST analysis i.e. Political, Economic, Social and Technological. PEST analysis of any industry sector investigates the important factors that are affecting the industry and influencing the companies operating in that sector. Political factors include government policies relating to the industry, tax policies, laws and regulations, trade restrictions and tariffs etc. Political factors affect both the producer and the consumer in various ways (Bohdanowicz and Clamp, 1994). A stable political surrounding is the basis for long-term decisions. The economic factors relate to changes in the wider economy such as economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and inflation rate, etc. Vignali et. al, (2008), express that economic trends are extremely important for the business and that they depend to a great extent on the governments politics. Social factors often look at the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, changes in tastes and buying patterns, etc. Changes in lifestyle and opinions influence the demand and the way of selling products (Vignali et. al, 2008, pp. 364). The technological factors relate to the application of new inventions and ideas such as RD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. As in all areas of industry new technology is making great inroads to improve quality of life and increase speed and quality of manufacture (Easey, 1995). 2.1 PEST Analysis of Russia (P)olitical factors The Russian economy underwent tremendous stress in the 1990s as it moved from a centrally planned economy to a free market system. In the political system established by the 1993 constitution, the president wields considerable executive power. There is no vice president, and the legislative branch is far weaker than the executive. Difficulties in implementing fiscal reforms aimed at raising government revenues and a dependence on short-term borrowing to finance budget deficits led to a serious financial crisis in 1998. Lower prices for Russias major export earners (oil and minerals) and a loss of investor confidence due to the Asian financial crisis exacerbated financial problems (state, 2010). Russia, initially Soviet Union has faced many economic difficulties in the past. The current President Russia is Dmitry Medvedev, but the government is still thought to be run by the previous President and current Prime Minister Vladimir Putin (bbcnews, 2010). The budget deficit of Russia rise n sharply in 2009 to around $60bn (Â £42bn). Moscows revenues are sharply down because of the plummeted oil prices due to a drop in global demand. (E)conomic factors The Russian economy is largely dependent on its export resources, oil and gas. The energy giant Gazprom is controversially close to the Russian state and critics say it is little more than an economic and political tool of the Kremlin (bbcnews, 2010). The Russian labour force is undergoing tremendous changes. Although well educated and skilled, it is largely mismatched to the rapidly changing needs of the Russian economy. Official unemployment dropped to its lowest rate of 5.4% in May 2008, and labour shortages appeared in some high-skilled job markets (state, 2010). The economic crisis which began in late 2008, however, quickly reversed this trend and the ranks of unemployed swelled to an International Labour Organization (ILO) estimated 9.5% in the first quarter of 2009; 1.8 million Russian lost their jobs in the first quarter of 2009 alone (state, 2010). , President Dmitry Medvedev claimed Russias economy will shrink by 7.5% in 2009 (bbcnews, 2010). However, real disposable income s have doubled since 1999, and experts estimate that the middle class constitutes approximately one-fourth of the population. The economic crisis, however, caused real disposable incomes to drop by 6.7% year-on-year in January 2009, and wages fell by 9.1% year-on-year in January 2009 (state, 2010). (S)ocial and Cultural Factors Russias population was 141.91 million as of January 2009, a very slight decrease from the previous year according to the government statistics service and the Ministry of Public Health The birth rate in 2008 was the highest recorded in the last 15 years. Life expectancy remains low compared to developed countries, but rose to 61.4 years for men and 73.9 for women in 2007 (state, 2010).Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, traffic accidents, and violence continue to be major causes of death among working age men. Many premature deaths are attributed to excessive alcohol consumption and smoking. A truly healthy Russia will require serious improvements in the health sector and some major changes in current cultural norms. Russias educational system has produced nearly 100% literacy. About 7 million students attended Russias 1,090 institutions of higher education in 2006, but continued reform is critical to producing students with skills to adapt to a market economy (bbcnews, 2010). Unemployment is highest among women and young people. Russia has an area of about 17 million square kilometres (6.5 million sq. mi.); in geographic terms, this makes Russia the largest country in the world by more than 2.5 million square miles. But with a population density of about 22 persons per square mile (9 per sq. km.), it is sparsely populated, and most of its residents live in urban areas (state, 2010). (T)echnological factors Russian TV broadcasting is dominated by channels that are either run directly by the state or owned by companies with close links to the Kremlin. The government controls Channel One and Russia One two of the three main federal channels while state-controlled energy giant Gazprom owns NTV (bbcnews, 2010). For most Russians, television, especially via the national networks, is the main source of domestic and international news. There are more than 400 daily newspapers, catering for every taste and persuasion and the major nationals are based in Moscow. Around 38 million Russians use the internet (bbcnews, 2010). 2.2 PEST Analysis of Bangladesh (P)olitical factors The first government of new formed Bangladesh after partition was formed in Dhaka with Justice Abu Sayeed Choudhury as President, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Mujib) who was released from Pakistani prison in early 1972 as Prime Minister (bbcnews, 2010). The president, while chief of state, holds a largely ceremonial post; the real power is held by the prime minister, who is head of government. The president is elected by the legislature (Parliament) every 5 years. The presidents circumscribed powers are substantially expanded during the tenure of a caretaker government. In the caretaker government, the president has control over the Ministry of Defense, the authority to declare a state of emergency, and the power to dismiss the Chief Adviser and other members of the caretaker government. Despite serious problems related to a dysfunctional political system, weak governance, and pervasive corruption, Bangladesh still remains one of the few democracies in the Muslim world (state, 2010). H owever, democratic institutions and practices remain weak (bbcnews, 2010). (E)conomic factors Bangladesh has been through a rough economic past because of two partitions that led to widespread economic neglect and producing jute in large quantities contributed very less towards economic growth, as the country could not find much investment in this sector. The major employer in Bangladesh economy is agriculture, but it is unable to meet the demand for jobs. The country is trying to diversify its economy, with industrial development a priority. Overseas investors have pumped money into manufacturing and the energy sector. Onshore and offshore gas reserves hold out some chance of future prosperity (bbcnews, 2010). The Economist Intelligence Unit expects the fiscal position to remain weak in fiscal years 2009/10-2010/11 (July-June) as the government increases its efforts to implement a wide range of development projects (prlog, 2010). Real GDP growth is forecast to remain fairly stable, averaging 5.7% in 2009/10 and 5.9% in 2010/11, after the economy grew by 5.9% in 2008/09 (prlo g, 2010). Bangladesh deals almost equally in both exports and imports with total exports for Financial Year 2008 are $21.6 billion: capital goods, food grains, petroleum, textiles, chemicals, vegetable oils whereas total imports were $14.11 billion: garments and knitwear, frozen fish, jute and jute goods, leather and leather products, tea, urea fertilizer, ceramic tableware (state, 2010).ÂÂ  Urbanization has occurred rapidly in recent years and it is estimated that only 30% of the population entering the labour force in the future will be absorbed into agriculture, although many will likely find other kinds of work in rural areas (mapsofworld, 2010). (S)ocial and cultural factors The area that is now Bangladesh has a rich historical and cultural past, combining Dravidian, Indo-Aryan, Mongol/Mughul, Arab, Persian, Turkic, and west European cultures. About 98%, Residents of Bangladesh are ethnic Bengali and speak Bangla, thus called Bangladeshis (mapsofworld, 2010). Urdu-speaking, non-Bengali Muslims of Indian origin, and various tribal groups, mostly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, comprise the remainder (mapsofworld, 2010). Most Bangladeshis (about 88.3%) are Muslims, but Hindus constitute a sizable (10.5%) minority (bbcnews, 2010). English is spoken in urban areas and among the educated. Bangladesh is one of the worlds most densely populated countries, with its people crammed into a delta of rivers that empties into the Bay of Bengal. Poverty is deep and widespread; almost half of the population live on less than one dollar a day. However, Bangladesh has reduced population growth and improved health and education (state, 2010). (T)echnological factors The main broadcasters Radio Bangladesh and Bangladesh Television (BTV) are state-owned channels and are considered government-friendly. There is little coverage of the political opposition, except in the run-up to general elections when a caretaker government takes control. TV is the most-popular medium, especially in cities. Foreign, especially Indian, TV stations have large audiences in Dhaka and other cities. State-run radio covers almost the entire country. BBC World Service programmes in English and Bengali are broadcast on 100 MHz FM in Dhaka. Newspapers are diverse, outspoken and privately-owned. English-language titles appeal mainly to an educated urban readership (bbcnews, 2010). 2.3 Adidas Entry to Russian Market Adidas boasts a 25 year history of success in the Russian market (intercomp, 2010). Its products are currently sold through 700 outlets in Russia and the CIS, and it owns 70 signature stores in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Novosibirsk, and other places in Russia and the CIS countries (intercomp, 2010). Adidas has also proven to be successful previously in Russia and other European economies. Russia has been a successfully emerging market within the last decade in comparison to Bangladesh. The gross domestic product and geographical comparison of both countries also identifies Russia to be more sound economically and larger than Bangladesh. Russia Retail Market will grow from RUB10.87trn (US$425.0bn) in 2007 to RUB22.58trn by 2013 (prlog, 2010). The other factor which supports the move of Adidas towards Russia is the 100% literacy rate in Russia which makes it easier for Adidas within an educated workforce. Bangladesh on the other hand still is a developing country with deficiencies like poverty and uneducated workforce holding the progress of the country to some extent. Similar to Adidas many other international brands have been attracted to Russia such as Nike. The emergence of free market entry in 1993 in Russia significantly made them a potential target for international brands. Bangladesh has been a target of bitter rivalry between two women- Sheikh Hasina and Khaleda Zia both former prime ministers. They both had been jailed for suspected corruption but were released to contest the vote (bbcnews, 2010). The rivalry between these two women has been ongoing for past two decades has been a major factor in the slow economic growth of Bangladesh. Both these economies possess potential to attract international brands but Ba ngladesh still lack behind Russia in order to be the choice of market for Adidas. Higher GDP, more educated workforce, previous history of success, larger geographical area and political support are some factors which make Russia the choice of market for Adidas. ENTRY METHOD Entering an international market is never simple or nor automatic for any international brand (Burnett, 1993). There are many different ways to gain entry for companies which are largely dependent on their internal strengths and competitiveness in comparison to the regional competitors. In practice, many firms use a customised approach to entering a market. They determine their competitive advantage over other firms at home or overseas and then plan their entry strategies accordingly (Blythe, 2003). Jeannet and Hennessey (1992) cited by Blythe (2003), identified the primary market entry strategies which are more recently considered to be divided into three main groups: Exporting, Joint Venture and Direct Investment or Strategic Alliance. Exporting can be described as selling of a product in another country without making a commitment to the local production (Burnett, 1993). Exporting is further divided into direct and indirect exporting. Joint Ventures are joining of a foreign company with an outside partner to share the stock ownership of the new company. Strategic alliances are the recent method of entry into a foreign market and involve more effort than a joint venture (Burnett, 1993). The entry method of choice for Adidas to move into Russia should be either indirect exporting or by creating local manufacturing. Local manufacturing might be more useful as it will obtain create more jobs for local people and that will help in creating a good image for the company and the product. On the other hand indirect exporting has been proven to be successful in many European companies for example Japanese soap company Kao (Burnett, 1993). COMMUNICATION STRATEGY A communication strategy of a company must be integrated across the whole range of marketing activity, should include a feedback system, reflect organisational objectives and finally competition (Blythe, 2003). Careful integration and co-ordination of many communications Channels to deliver a clear, consistent and compelling message about the organisation and its products is referred as Integrated Marketing Communications (Kotler, 2001). Push and pull strategies can be described as marketing strategies with different objectives and operational methods. A pull strategy attracts customers to a brand through advertising and other communications, with the aim of persuading customers to seek the brands and products. On the other hand, push strategy involves incentivising retailers to carry and self stocks (Jackson and Shaw, 2009). Push strategy greatly depends on the personal selling ability of retailers and stockists. Adidas needs to use the pull strategy in order to successfully move into the Russian market as previously, Adidas has been creating their brand name with heavy advertising on Russian TV channels. For most Russians, television, especially via the national networks, is the main source of domestic and international news (bbcnews, 2010). Adidas, the second largest brand in the market has always flirted with fashion more overtly than nearest rivals. Adidas retain the services of global advertising agencies and use of promotional tools such as costly TV campaigns and guerrilla marketing (Tungate, 2008 ). The other factors in Russian market discussed in the PEST analysis of Russia such as stable political structure, business culture dominant environment, growing economic conditions, high growth potential, positive demographic trends, innovative/business retail culture and niche opportunities within the retail structure provides strong basis for the use of Pull strategy by Adidas (Hines and Bruce, 2001). 4.1 Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Market segmentation refers to the process of identifying a division of a wider market in order to target it effectively within the marketing mix. The selected market segment needs to be sufficiently homogenous to respond to a single integrated marketing mix (Jackson and Shaw, 2009). Although every customer is different, it is possible using segmentation, targeting and positioning techniques, to place them into understandable group and to then ensure that we deliver the right fashion products to them (Thorne cited by Jackson and Shaw, 2009, pg51). Market Segmentation takes place on many different basis such as demographic, purchasing behaviour, geographic and psycho-graphic segments of the market. The demographic segmentation relates to topics like age, gender, race, religion, family size etc, purchasing behaviour relates to benefits, loyalty level, user occasion and readiness to purchase, geographic relates to country, town, city, climate, hemisphere, travel time and psycho-graphic relates to social class, lifestyles, spending behaviour and attitudes (Jackson and Shaw, 2009). Although these factors listed above are the most common and relevant, changes in the socio-culture can force marketers to re-evaluate these according to the situation. The ultimate purpose of market segmentation is to select a target market or markets. The targeting of a market includes segments that company intends to serve and the process of determination of these segments is called target market determination (vignali et.al, 2008). Three marketing strategies can be undertaken by Adidas to identify their target market which are undifferentiated, differentiated and concentrated marketing. Undifferentiated can be described as the strategy where the company ignores some of the market segments in order to achieve benefits and thus creates and enters the market with a completely unique marketing mix. The advantage of this strategy lies in lower costs: as the identical product, promotion and price and sales efforts for the whole market ensures low costs (vignali et.al, 2008). Concentrated this approach is suitable for companies with insufficient resources for differentiated market and concentrates on one or several segments (vignali et.al, 2008). Differentiated this approach focuses on covering all the segments of the market with different marketing mix for each segment. This is appropriate for large international brand names in order to create and spread their brand to every consumer (vignali et.al, 2008). Adidas will be successful in using differentiated strategy as they will be able to concentrate on each individual segment and create their brand name with the help of right promotional tools. This approach will also be useful as Adidas has been able to advertise heavily using TV adverts previously. Positioning Positioning is the development of a service and a marketing mix to occupy a specific place in the minds of customers within target markets (vignali notes). Positioning begins with the customer. But positioning is not so much what you say about your products or company as much as it is what your customers say about you. Regis McKenna, Relationship Marketing (vignali notes). Positioning implies adjustment to all marketing activities to the consumers expectation in the given segments. The basis for product or brand positioning is market segmentation and Positioning creates competitive advantage. Adidas needs to identify their target segments, and then needs to utilize the right marketing strategy in order to provide right market positioning for their product in Russia. Adidas chief executive Herbert Hainer has claimed Russia to be the biggest market in Europe for Adidas (retail news, 2008). Positioning can be achieved in six major possible ways which are specific product features, Benefits, problem solution, or needs, specific usage occasions, user category, against another product and Product class dissociation (vignali notes) 4.2 Branding and Brand Equity The purpose of a brand is to differentiate a product or service from competitor offerings, and to achieve effective positioning. (Bruce and Barnes, 2005 as cited in Littler, 2005) A global brand is one that is available in most countries in the world and shares the same strategic principles, positioning and marketing in every market throughout the world, although the marketing mix can vary. It has a substantial market share in all countries and comparable brand loyalty. It carries the same brand logo. De Mooij (2005). Branding provides visual cue to convey messages to consumers, it directs customers buying behaviour, differentiates from competitors, acts as positioning, help develop and sell brand extensions and also provides brand equity to company. Brand equity can be described as the total value of a brand including tangible and non tangible assets such as brand name, loyalty, perceived quality and associations (Jackson and Shaw, 2009). BUSINESS RISK Adidas moving into Russia have many advantages; however it also posses the potential for a few unwanted risk such as Political risk, Economic risk, Commercial risk, Taxes and legislation relating to company incorporation (Vignali notes). The political risks comprising of foreign policies and the risk of new government policies into action, economic growth is on the rise but Russia did face a crisis in 2008 from which they only recently have recovered (bbcnews, 2010), risk to competitors locally and internationally create a high risk of failure and finally the taxation and other legislation can be quite expensive and have an effect on the marketing strategies of the company. CONCLUSION/ RECOMMENDATIONS Russia and CIS countries are set to become Adidas groups biggest market in Europe by 2010, says chief executive Herbert Hainar (retail news, 2008). Russia is a very dynamic country and is known for world-class athletes as well as enthusiastic fans. By expanding our own retail network in Russia and the CIS countries, we are giving consumers access to a unique brand experience and to achieve their personal best. Martin Shankland, managing director of Adidas group in Russia and CIS (retail news, 2008). The new ÂÂ  BMI Russia Retail report predicts that the countrys total retail sales will more than double in local currency terms by 2013, growing from RUB10.87trn (US$425.0bn)ÂÂ  in 2007 to RUB22.58trn by 2013 (prlog, 2010). Rising disposable incomes, an expanding middle class and rising levels of credit penetration are key factors behind retail market expansion. . Russia has around 14 cities with more than 1mn people, and consumers are increasingly looking to modern retail outlets for aspirational purchases. The countrys large population and in particular the affluent urban population of the capital Moscow, is providing a solid base for the expansion of the retail market (prlog, 2010). Being an emerging market Russia possesses the potential for being successful for international brands and also poses some threats or risks. Adidas business entry strategy needs to be very cautious and similar to the strategies used before by them in Russian market. They also needs to have contingency plans in case of failure of the current strategies adopted by the company and also needs to carefully consider the promotional tools.